In the United States, the average rate of GFR decline is approximately 1 mL/min/1.73 m 2 per year in the general population, 11, 12 and the lifetime risk of developing a GFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 is more than 50%. For example, sickle cell trait and the presence of 2 APOL1 risk alleles, both common in people of African ancestry but not European ancestry, may double the risk of CKD. 4 Genetic risk factors may also contribute to CKD risk. 6 Globally, CKD is most commonly attributed to diabetes and/or hypertension, but other causes such as glomerulonephritis, infection, and environmental exposures (such as air pollution, herbal remedies, and pesticides) are common in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and many developing countries. 1– 4 Defined by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2, albuminuria of at least 30 mg per 24 hours, or markers of kidney damage (eg, hematuria or structural abnormalities such as polycystic or dysplastic kidneys) persisting for more than 3 months, 5 CKD is more prevalent in low- and middle-income than in high-income countries. Those at high risk of CKD progression (eg, estimated GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2, albuminuria ≥300 mg per 24 hours, or rapid decline in estimated GFR) should be promptly referred to a nephrologist.Ĭhronic kidney disease (CKD) affects between 8% and 16% of the population worldwide and is often underrecognized by patients and clinicians. Patients also require monitoring for complications of CKD, such as hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and anemia. Optimal management of CKD includes cardiovascular risk reduction (eg, statins and blood pressure management), treatment of albuminuria (eg, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers), avoidance of potential nephrotoxins (eg, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and adjustments to drug dosing (eg, many antibiotics and oral hypoglycemic agents). Among individuals diagnosed as having CKD, staging and new risk assessment tools that incorporate GFR and albuminuria can help guide treatment, monitoring, and referral strategies. However, less than 5% of patients with early CKD report awareness of their disease. In developed countries, CKD is most commonly attributed to diabetes and hypertension. We’ll take a deep dive into Jim Fink’s service to find out.Defined as a persistent abnormality in kidney structure or function (eg, glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or albuminuria ≥30 mg per 24 hours) for more than 3 months, CKD affects 8% to 16% of the population worldwide. Members can also access an exclusive members-only forum where they can swap trading ideas and network with other subscribers.Īt first glance, Velocity Trader offers an impressive collection of investing resources and research, but is it worth the cost of admission? This options program uses Fink’s 310F trade strategy and his proprietary Velocity Profit Multiplier system to pinpoint high-potential stocks.Įach week, members receive a new issue of the Velocity Trader newsletter that features two new stock recommendations and Fink’s insights into the latest market moves.Ī subscription to Velocity Trader also includes tons of training materials, investing resources, and a wealth of other bonus resources. It was initially called Death Cross Trader. Velocity Trader is a premium options trading service that gives members two weekly trade ideas, alerts, a scanner, educational content, and much more. 13 Is Jim Fink’s Velocity Trader Worth It? What Is Jim Fink’s Velocity Trader ?
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